A bridge abutment is the crucial structural component located at the ends of a bridge. Its primary functions are to support the bridge deck, transfer the bridge's vertical and horizontal loads to the foundation, and retain the approach embankment soil.

We developed a friction model for the abutment by utilizing the contact friction model established in our prior project. A schematic illustrating this model is shown below.

The initial findings were presented at the World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2024 and published in their proceedings, which can be accessed here. We are currently conducting further study with the aim of publishing this work in a journal paper.